Jan 23, 2017 reproduction the sporophytes reproduce by spores which are produced within sporangia. Function ligule is secretory structure, which secretes water and keeps the sporangium and the young leaf. The cryptogamia was further divided into thallophyta. The stele of the stem remains connected with leaf and branch by a vascular connection known as the leaf and br anch supply.
Clubmoss, horsetail and fern trees dominated earths land vegitation for more than 100 million years. The time period of the giant pteridophyta forests is known as the carboniferious period. Besides having various medicinal properties, the pteridophytes are also employed for a variety of commercial and environmental purposes. The vegetative reproduction is also a common type of reproduction in the pteridophytes.
I n pteridophytes the stele is divided in to different type on the basis of arrangement of xylem and phloem. Gymnosperms came from the greek root gymnos or naked with spermaor seed. To collect spores for each species, it is crucial to know the season in which spores typically mature. Some of the species belonging to this division have small leaves called as the microphylls. Seed plants include the angiosperms, the conifers, and a smaller assortment of other plants.
When you think of forests and woods, you can picture trees, abundant lush green ferns, and other plants. The sporangium in all pteridophytes is initiated by the laying down of a crosswall in a superficial cell or a group of cells. A few pteridophytes are aquatic while still others are epiphytes. Economic importance of pteridophytes,several ferns such as angiopteris, asplenium, marattia, microsorium, nephrolepis, phymatodes, etc.
Pdf pdf version does not have an isbn or issn and is not therefore effectively published melbourne. Presentday lycophytes are grouped in 6 genera some botanists divide them into 15 or more. Muiltiple choice questions of pteridophyta biology boom. As in seed plants, the greatest diversity of pteridophytes is found in the tropics, with only about six hundred species adapted for life in temperate climates. Pdf type of stelar system in pteridophytes farman ali. The medicinal uses of some ferns and pteridophytes of india have also been described in some of the recent studies caius, 1935. This fern life cycle is representative of most pteridophytes. Because pteridophytes produce neither flowers nor seeds, they are sometimes referred to as cryptogams, meaning that their means of reproduction is hidden.
Thus, these characteristics make them horticulturally important plants. Jun 06, 2017 the simple, uninerved leaves have a ligule near the base. The development of the ligule ofselaginella kraussiana is described, from the initial meristematic state. Various animals use the fronds as food while birds and small creatures use the plants for cover.
Leaves that produce spores are called sporophyll and leaves that do not produce spores are called tropophyll. Observe the external features of the plant, and arrangement, types and shape of leaf, ligule, rhizophore and roots. The pteridophytes are an economically important group of plants. Basal swollen part of ligule of selaginella is a glossopodium b rhizopodium c protonema d hydathodes. In all pteridophytes the dominant plant is the sporophyte brown below with the gametophyte blue below shortlived. Pteridophytes ferns and fern allies the plant list. Although the ovules are naked at the time of pollination, the seeds of gymnosperms are sometimes enclosed by other sporophyte tissues by the time they are mature. Pdf physiological anatomy and function of the membranous grass. Cells in the central zone become differentiated, with the formation of well developed endoplasmic reticulum and golgi systems. Some pteridophytes give rise to two different types of spores large, female spores called as megaspores and small, male spores called as microspores. What is the lasting form of pteridophytes, the gametophyte or the. These ferns, in biological terms, are nothing but the pteridophytes, belonging to the division pteridophyta of the plant kingdom.
The function of tropophyll is to only photosynthesize. Pteridophytes are also called as vascular cryptogames. May 07, 2018 firstly, pteridophytes are the vascular plants plants having xylem and phloem that reproduces via spores. The pteridophytes reproduce both by the vegetative and sexual methods. They generally live as an understory plant in shaded, moist areas, although their habitat varies considerably. The development of the ligule ofselaginella kraussiana is described, from the initial meristematic state to the final stages of senescence, with particular reference to the central cells.
The pteridophytes ferns and fern allies pteridophytes are vascular plants and have leaves known as fronds, roots and sometimes true stems, and tree ferns have full trunks. In addition, the location, microhabitat, and sporophyte age affect the timing of spore maturation. Gymnosperms economical and ecological values albuerolyka. Pteridophyta teridafata os made from two greek roots that mean winged pteryz. In this paper, we show that lg2 function is cellnonautonomous in all tissues. The function of ligule is unknown but it is believed that it secret mucilage. However, the pteridophytes differ from mosses and seed plants in that both generations are independent and freeliving.
A ligule is also a strapshaped extension of the corolla, such as that of a ray floret in plants in the daisy family asteraceae. Lycophyte, division lycopodiophyta or lycophyta, any sporebearing vascular plant that is one of the club mosses and their allies, living and fossil. Characteristics of pteridophytes, morphology of pteridophytes, reproduction of pteridophytes, homosporous and heterosporous pteridophytes, megaspore and microspores, gametophytes of pteridophytes, fertilization, zygote and embryo of. Structure and function in the ligule ofselaginella kraussiana. A few pteridophytes are aquatic while still others are.
On the basis of their anatomy jeffrey in 1902 divided the vascular plants into two types or stocks. Fronds in the largest species of ferns can reach some six metres in length. Firstly all the botanists divided the plant kingdom into two large groups cryptogamia and phanerogamia, linnaeus 1754 used the term cryptogams for the first time for those plants which did not possess visible sex organs. In this article we will discuss about the classification of pteridophytes. In other words, gymnosperms are naked seeded plants. Their leaves are called fronds, which are highly divided except in a few isolated species. Pteridophytes do not have seeds or flowers either, instead they also reproduce via spores. They have leaves, roots, stem and sometimes trunks also. Pteridophytes may represent the closest living relatives sister group to the seed plants. Useful notes on the classification of pteridophytes. A ligule can also be defined as a membranelike tissue or row of delicate hairs typically found in grasses at the junction of the leaf sheath and blade. The simple, uninerved leaves have a ligule near the base. Similar to the life cycle of seed plants, the pteridophytes also involves the alternation of generations in its life cycle. It is also advantageous since it can produce large number of individuals which are genetically identical too.
Even today, many tribal communities and rural populations are dependent heavily upon the natural resources obtained from the surrounding forest regions for treatment of various ailments and diseases. This pdf version does not have an isbn or issn and is not therefore. Pdf the ligule morphology in three indian species of the genus. In some species a depression of the leafsurface encloses the ligule, regarding the function of which little is known. Sumita, assistant professor, department of botany, pggc11, chandigarh. Features of selaginella with diagram biology discussion. The different species of selaginella are grown as the garden plants. Ferns, horsetails often treated as ferns, and lycophytes clubmosses, spikemosses, and quillworts are all pteridophytes. The first vascular plants rapidly diversified to cover the earth.
Pteridophytes were dominant land plants during the carboniferous era and a major source of todays coal and oil. It helps to increase the number of population under unfavourable conditions also. Megaphylls are the large leaves that some pteridophytes have. Characteristics of pteridophytes, morphology of pteridophytes, reproduction of pteridophytes, homosporous and heterosporous pteridophytes, megaspore and microspores, gametophytes of pteridophytes, fertilization, zygote and embryo of pteridophytes, life cycle. Pdf pteridophytes lycophytes and ferns researchgate. Sporophylls the leaves that bear sporangia are known as sporophylls. In pteridophytes, gametes are produced via mitosis from special cells of the gametophyte. The sexuality of pteridophytic gametophytes can be classified as follows. A dictionary of the flowering plants and ferns, cambridge.
Structure and function in the ligule of selaginella kraussiana. Extant pteridophytes are cosmopolitan but are much better represented in the humid tropics, with only a few families e. However, ligules need not be membranous grass leaf are generally used in. Neet biology diversity in living world pteridophytes mcq. In pteridophytes, the main plant body is a sporophyte which is differentiated into true root, stem and leaves. In this lesson, well discover the characteristics, classification, and life cycle of the group pteridophyta, which includes plant species like ferns and horsetails. A read is counted each time someone views a publication summary such as the title, abstract, and list of authors, clicks on a figure, or views or downloads the fulltext. Pteridophyte definition of pteridophyte by merriamwebster. Pteridophyte definition of pteridophyte by the free. In 1880, the cryptogams of the plant kingdom were divided. Duerden h and wright as 1952 a ligulate pteridophyte. Any of numerous vascular plants that reproduce by means of spores rather than seeds, including the ferns and related plants such as horsetails, and. The study of pteridophytes is known as pteridology.
In addition to the mosaic analysis and description of the lg2 mutant phenotype, we present a series of genetic. Classification of pteridophytes for a long time the division pteridophyta includedthe ferns, lycopods and horsetails. The development of the ligule ofselaginella kraussiana is described, from the initial meristematic state to the final stages of senescence, with particular the mature ligule consists of three zones. A ligule is a thin outgrowth at the junction of leaf and leafstalk of many grasses poaceae and. The pteridophytes are found in cool, damp, shady places though some may flourish well in sandy soil conditions. Neet biology diversity in living world pteridophytes. Conservation of pteridophytes to maintain vital link between. According to earner 1936 the ligule is perhaps a vestigial organ. Conservation of pteridophytes to maintain vital link between lower and higher group of plants. Pteridophytes general characters ppt general characteristics, life cycle and reproduction of pteridophytes ppt what are pteridophytes. As with all plants, in pteridophytes, meiosis is sporic, meaning that cells of the sporophyte undergo meiosis and generate spores that then develop into the gametophyte via mitosis.
Most of the pteridophytes ferns and fernallies show their luxuriant and vigorous growth during the rainy season particularly in the hilly regions usually above 1400 m altitude. In some pteridophytes the sporangia develop on stems i. Firstly, pteridophytes are the vascular plants plants having xylem and phloem that reproduces via spores. The reproduction in pteridophytes takes place with the help of spores. Some other uses are ferns provide natural vegetation thats important to both wildlife and birds. Unlike the bryophytes, these plants are in the mainstream of land plant evolution and eventually gave rise to the seed. Oct 19, 2015 gymnosperms came from the greek root gymnos or naked with spermaor seed. Spores that are produced by pteridophyta are located in spore box which is known as sporangium. The pteridophytes reproduce both by the vegetative and sexual methods vegetative reproduction. The vascular tissue is confined to the central region of the stem forming. This pdf is the sample pdf taken from our comprehensive.
The ligule appears to be a continuation of the leaf sheath and encircles or clasps the stem as does the leaf sheath. The degree of spore maturation can be estimated by spore color, nucleus position, and vacuole size. This document is highly rated by neet students and has been viewed 2329 times. Ferns can be used to illustrate the life cycle stages common to all pteridophytes. A concept based exclusive material pteridophytes, gymnosperms.
Apr 11, 2020 pteridophyta neet notes edurev is made by best teachers of neet. Typically, the most important functions of leaves are photosynthesis creation of chemical energy, in. Interactions ziguzezessl ziguzezess2 function during. The term prothallus is used for a stage before thallus b plant body without differentiation of stem, leaves and roots c reduced gametophyte. The specific function of the ligules in selaginella has been a matter of. All pteridophytes have a true alternation of generations, in which a dominant sporophyte generation produces spores through meiosis, and a freeliving gametophyte generation forms gametes egg and sperm by mitosis. Such pteridophytes are referred to as heterosporous pteridophytes.
Pteridophyte definition of pteridophyte by the free dictionary. Pteridophyte definition is any of a division pteridophyta of vascular plants such as a fern that have roots, stems, and leaves but lack flowers or seeds. Stipule, stipel, ligule and leafsheath are structures closely associated with. In certain pteridophytes the sporangia are produced within specialized structure, the sporocarps e. Pteridophyta characteristics, life cycle, classification. In pteridophytes, vessels in xylem and companion cells in phloem are absent. A pteridophyte is a vascular plant with xylem and phloem that disperses spores. You might be surprised to learn that, in terms of biodiversity, b. Pteridophytes biology encyclopedia plant, body, different. Unlike the ferns, which are a highly successful, flourishing group, the fern allies as. Pteridophytes have little leaves microphyll and large leaves macrophyll. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. Review structure and function of the grass ligule 9 other structural elements. Conservation of pteridophytes to maintain vital link.
It may be a water secreting or water absorbing or protective organ. Engler 1909 included the bryophyta and pteridophyta under embryophyta. These organs possess well differentiated vascular tissues. Habitat, reproduction and life cycle biology discussion. Pdf comparative morphology of ligules of three indian species. The sporophyte was the dominant phase of the life cycle of these early pteridophytes. Pteridophytes are known as reptiles of plant kingdom. The plant body can be divided into a true root, stem, and leaves. The term prothallus is used for a stage before thallus. It is the remains of these giant pteridophytes that would over eons become the fossil fuels we use today. Eichler 1883 divided the plant kingdom into cryptogamia and phanerogamia.
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